Free Practice Questions for Fortinet NSE7_PBC-7.2 Exam

The statement that best describes the concept of immutable infrastructure in the context of automation is:

A. It is the practice of deploying a new server for every configuration change.

Immutable Infrastructure Concept: This approach to infrastructure management involves replacing servers or components entirely rather than making changes to existing configurations once they are deployed. When a change is needed, a new server instance is provisioned with the desired configuration and the old one is decommissioned after the new one is successfully deployed and tested.

Benefits: Immutable infrastructure minimizes the risks associated with in-place updates, such as inconsistencies or failures due to configuration drift. It enhances reliability and predictability by ensuring that the deployed environment matches exactly what was tested in staging. This practice is particularly aligned with modern deployment strategies like blue/green or canary deployments.

References: The concept of immutable infrastructure is widely discussed in DevOps and cloud computing literature as a method to increase consistency and fault tolerance in automated environments.

Transit Gateway Connect Specificity: AWS Transit Gateway Connect is a specific feature designed to streamline the integration of SD-WAN appliances and third-party virtual appliances into your Transit Gateway.expand_more It utilizes a specialized attachment type.exclamation

BGP's Role: While Transit Gateway Connect attachments leverage BGP for dynamic routing, BGP itself is a routing protocol and not the core connectivity mechanism in this context.

GRE Tunneling: GRE is a tunneling protocol commonly used with Transit Gateway Connect attachments to encapsulate traffic.

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a Transit Gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. To route traffic from Linux instances to the TGW, you need to do the following steps:

In the TGW route table, associate two attachments. An attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a Transit Gateway. By associating the attachments to the TGW route table, you enable the TGW to route traffic between the VPCs and the VPN.

In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, add a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop TGW. This route directs all traffic from the Linux instances to the TGW, which can then forward it to the appropriate destination based on the TGW route table.

The other options are incorrect because:

In the TGW route table, adding route propagation to 192.168.0 0/16 is not necessary, as this is already the default route for the TGW. Route propagation allows you to automatically propagate routes from your VPC or VPN to your TGW route table.

In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, adding a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop Internet gateway (IGW) is not correct, as this would bypass the TGW and send all traffic directly to the internet. An IGW is a VPC component that enables communication between instances in your VPC and the internet.

[Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

B. FortiGate A and FortiGate B are two independent devices. This means that they are not part of a cluster or a high availability group, and they do not share the same configuration or state information. They are configured as standalone FortiGates with standalone configuration synchronization enabled1. This feature allows them to synchronize most of their configuration settings with each other, except for some settings that identify the FortiGate to the network, such as the hostname1. D. It does not synchronize the FortiGate hostname. This is one of the settings that are excluded from the standalone configuration synchronization, as mentioned above. The hostname is a unique identifier for each FortiGate device, and it should not be changed by the synchronization process1.

The other options are incorrect because:

FortiGate-VM instances are not scaled out automatically according to predefined workload levels. This is a feature of the auto scaling solution for FortiGate-VM on Azure, which requires a different deployment and configuration than the one shown in the exhibit2. The exhibit shows a static deployment of two FortiGate-VM instances behind an Azure load balancer, which does not support auto scaling.

By default, FortiGate does not use FGCP. FGCP stands for FortiGate Clustering Protocol, which is used to synchronize configuration and state information between FortiGate devices in a cluster or a high availability group3. However, the exhibit shows that the FortiGates are not in a cluster or a high availability group, and they use standalone configuration synchronization instead of FGCP.

The correct answer is C and D. Use a transit VPC with hub and spoke topology to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center. Use the transit gateway attachment with VPN option to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center.

According to the Fortinet documentation for Public Cloud Security, a transit VPC is a VPC that serves as a global network transit center for connecting multiple VPCs, remote networks, and virtual private networks (VPNs). A transit VPC can use a hub and spoke topology to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center, using the FortiGate VM as a virtual appliance that provides network security and threat prevention. A transit VPC can also leverage Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing to achieve higher bandwidth and load balancing across multiple VPN tunnels1.

A transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. A transit gateway attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a transit gateway. You can use the transit gateway attachment with VPN option to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center, using the FortiGate VM as a virtual appliance that provides network security and threat prevention. A transit gateway attachment with VPN option can also leverage ECMP routing to achieve higher bandwidth and load balancing across multiple VPN tunnels2.

The other options are incorrect because:

Using ECMP and VPN to achieve higher bandwidth is not a complete solution, as it does not specify how to replace the existing VPC peering topology or how to connect the AWS VPCs to the on-premises data center.

Using transit VPC to build multiple VPC connections to the on-premises data center is not a correct solution, as it does not specify how to use a hub and spoke topology or how to leverage ECMP routing for higher bandwidth.

1: Fortinet Documentation Library - Transit VPC on AWS 2: Fortinet Documentation Library - Deploying FortiGate VMs on AWS

Ansible connects to FortiGate using an API, which is a method of communication between different software components. Ansible uses the fortios_* modules to interact with the FortiOS API, which is a RESTful API that allows configuration and monitoring of FortiGate devices12. Ansible can use either HTTP or HTTPS as the transport protocol, and can authenticate with either a username and password or an API token3.

The other options are incorrect because:

Ansible does not use TCP port 21 to connect to FortiGate. Port 21 is typically used for FTP, which is not supported by FortiOS4.

Ansible does not use SSH as a connection method to FortiOS. SSH is a secure shell protocol that allows remote command execution and file transfer, but it is not the preferred way of automating configuration changes on FortiGate devices.

Ansible does not use YAML to connect to FortiGate. YAML is a data serialization language that Ansible uses to write playbooks and inventory files, but it is not a connection method. References:

Fortinet.Fortios — Ansible Documentation

FortiOS REST API Reference

FortiOS Module Guide — Ansible Documentation

FortiOS 7.0 CLI Reference

[Connection methods and details — Ansible Documentation]

[YAML Syntax — Ansible Documentation]

A is incorrect because the terraform plan command will not deploy any resources at all. It will only show the changes that would be made if the terraform apply command was run. The error message in the exhibit indicates that the service principal details are invalid, which means that Terraform cannot authenticate to Azure and cannot create any resources1.

B is incorrect because you can run the terraform apply command without running the terraform plan command first. The terraform apply command will automatically generate a new plan and prompt you to approve it before applying it2. However, running the terraform plan command first can help you preview the changes and avoid any unwanted or unexpected actions.

C is correct because you must run the terraform init command once before the terraform plan command. The terraform init command initializes a working directory containing Terraform configuration files. It downloads and installs the provider plugins required for your configuration, such as the Azure provider2. It also creates a hidden directory called .terraform to store the plugin binaries and other metadata1. Without running the terraform init command, the terraform plan command will fail because it cannot find the required plugins or modules.

D is correct because the terraform plan command makes Terraform do a dry run. A dry run is a simulation of what would happen if you executed a certain action, without actually performing it. The terraform plan command creates an execution plan, which is a description of the actions that Terraform would take to make your infrastructure match your configuration2. The execution plan shows you what resources will be created, modified, or destroyed, and what attributes will be changed. The execution plan does not affect your infrastructure or state file until you apply it with the terraform apply command1.

Immutable infrastructure is a DevOps approach that emphasizes the creation of disposable resources instead of modifying existing ones1. This approach helps to achieve stability, consistency, and predictability in IT operations by reducing the risk of configuration drift and eliminating stateful components1.

One way to implement immutable infrastructure is to use a blue-green deployment strategy, which runs two live environments for configuration changes2. The blue environment is the current production environment, while the green environment is the new version of the application or service. When the green environment is ready, the traffic is switched from blue to green, and the blue environment is destroyed or kept as a backup2. This way, there is no need to update or patch the existing infrastructure, but rather replace it with a new one.

References:

1: Immutable Infrastructure, Architecture, and its benefits

2: Introduction to Immutable Infrastructure – BMC Software | Blogs

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. A transit gateway route table is a set of rules that determines how traffic is routed among the attachments to the transit gateway1.

A transit gateway can have multiple route tables, and you can associate different attachments with different route tables. This allows you to control how traffic is routed between your VPCs and VPNs based on your network design and security requirements1.

The other options are incorrect because:

Both the TGW attachment and propagation must be in the same TGW route table is not true. You can associate an attachment with one route table and enable propagation from another attachment to a different route table. This allows you to separate the routing domains for your attachments1.

A TGW attachment can be associated with multiple TGW route tables is not true. You can only associate an attachment with one route table at a time. However, you can change the association at any time1.

The TGW default route table cannot be disabled is not true. You can disable the default route table by deleting all associations and propagations from it. However, you cannot delete the default route table itself1.

1: Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud