Free Practice Questions for Cisco CCST-Networking Exam

The correct matching of the security options to their characteristics is as follows:

WPA2-Enterprise: Uses a RADIUS server for authentication

WEP: Uses a minimum of 40 bits for encryption

WPA2-Personal: Uses AES and a pre-shared key for authentication

Here’s why each security option matches the characteristic:

WPA2-Enterpriseuses a RADIUS server for authentication, which provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) management for users who connect and use a network service.

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)is an outdated security protocol that uses a minimum of 40 bits for encryption (and up to 104 bits), which is relatively weak by today’s standards.

WPA2-Personal(Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 - Personal) uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for encryption and a pre-shared key (PSK) for authentication, which is shared among users to access the network.

These security options are essential for protecting wireless networks from unauthorized access and ensuring data privacy.

OSI model

During the data encapsulation process, theData Link layerof the OSI model is responsible for adding a header that contains MAC addressing information and a trailer used for error checking.The header typically includes the source and destination MAC addresses, while the trailer contains a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) which is used for error detection1.

The Data Link layer ensures that messages are delivered to the proper device on a LAN using hardware addresses and translates messages from the Network layer into bits for the Physical layer to transmit. It also controls how data is placed onto the medium and is received from the medium through the physical hardware.

References:=

The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English

OSI Model - Network Direction

Which layer adds both header and trailer to the data?

What is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained - GeeksforGeeks

WPA2-Personal, also known as WPA2-PSK (Pre-Shared Key), is the wireless security option that uses a pre-shared key to authenticate clients. This method is designed for home and small office networks and doesn’t require an authentication server. Instead, every user on the network uses the same key or passphrase to connect1.

References :=

•What is a Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key (WPA-PSK)?

•Exploring WPA-PSK and WiFi Security

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•WPA2-Personal: This wireless security option uses a pre-shared key (PSK) for authentication. Each client that connects to the network must use this key to gain access. It is designed for home and small office networks where simplicity and ease of use are important.

•WPA2-Enterprise: Unlike WPA2-Personal, WPA2-Enterprise uses 802.1x authentication with an authentication server (such as RADIUS) and does not rely on a pre-shared key.

•802.1x: This is a network access control protocol for LANs, particularly wireless LANs. It provides an authentication mechanism to devices wishing to attach to a LAN or WLAN.

•802.1q: This is a networking standard that supports VLAN tagging on Ethernet networks and is not related to wireless security.

References:

•Cisco Documentation on WPA2 Security: Cisco WPA2

•Understanding Wireless Security: Wireless Security Guide

The IEEE 802.11 standard contains the specifications for Wi-Fi networks. It is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in various frequencies, including but not limited to 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz1. This standard is maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and is commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. The standard has evolved over time to include several amendments that improve speed, range, and reliability of wireless networks.

References :=

•The Most Common Wi-Fi Standards and Types, Explained

•802.11 Standards Explained: 802.11ax, 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

•Wi-Fi Standards Explained - GeeksforGeeks

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Three virtual machines are connected by a virtual network in the cloud.

Model: IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

Explanation: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, including virtual machines, storage, and networks.

Users access a web-based graphics design application in the cloud for a monthly fee.

Model: SaaS (Software as a Service)

Explanation: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet, typically on a subscription basis, accessible via a web browser.

A company develops applications using cloud-based resources and tools.

Model: PaaS (Platform as a Service)

Explanation: PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the infrastructure.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Provides virtualized hardware resources that customers can use to build their own computing environments.

PaaS (Platform as a Service): Offers a platform with tools and services to develop, test, and deploy applications.

SaaS (Software as a Service): Delivers fully functional applications over the internet that users can access and use without managing the underlying infrastructure.

References:

Cloud Service Models: Understanding IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

NIST Definition of Cloud Computing:NIST Cloud Computing

The correct matching of the MFA factors to their examples is as follows:

Entering a one-time security code sent to your device after logging in: Possession

Holding your phone to your face to be recognized: Inherence

Specifying your user name and password to log on to a service: Knowledge

Here’s why each factor matches the example:

Possession: This factor is something the user has, like a mobile device. A one-time security code sent to this device falls under this category.

Inherence: This factor is something the user is, such as a biometric characteristic. Facial recognition using a phone is an example of this factor.

Knowledge: This factor is something the user knows, like a password or PIN.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) enhances security by requiring two or more of these factors to verify a user’s identity before granting access.

Entering a one-time security code sent to your device after logging in.

Factor: Possession

Explanation: This factor relates to something you have, such as a device that receives a security code.

Holding your phone to your face to be recognized.

Factor: Inference (typically referred to as Inherence or Biometric)

Explanation: This factor relates to something you are, such as biometric authentication like facial recognition.

Specifying your username and password to log on to a service.

Factor: Knowledge

Explanation: This factor relates to something you know, such as a username and password.

Possession Factor: This involves something the user has in their possession. Receiving a one-time security code on a device (e.g., phone) is an example of this.

Inference Factor (Inherence/Biometric): This involves something inherent to the user, such as biometric verification (e.g., facial recognition or fingerprint scanning).

Knowledge Factor: This involves something the user knows, such as login credentials (username and password).

References:

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Explained: MFA Guide

Understanding Authentication Factors: Authentication Factors

Based on the image description provided, here are the cable types matched with the appropriate connection descriptions:

Connects Switch S1 to Router R1 Gi0/0/1 interfaceCable Type: = Straight-through UTP Cable

Connects Router R2 Gi0/0/0 to Router R3 Gi0/0/0 via underground conduitCable Type: = Fiber Optic Cable

Connects Router R1 Gi0/0/0 to Router R2 Gi0/0/1Cable Type: = Crossover UTP Cable

Connects Switch S3 to Server0 network interface cardCable Type: = Straight-through UTP Cable

The choices are based on standard networking practices where:

Straight-through UTP cablesare typically used to connect a switch to a router or a network interface card.

Fiber optic cablesare ideal for long-distance, high-speed data transmission, such as connections through an underground conduit.

Crossover UTP cablesare used to connect similar devices, such as router-to-router connections.

These matches are consistent with the color-coded cables in the image: green for switch connections, yellow for router-to-router connections within the same rack, and blue for inter-rack connections. The use of these cables follows the Ethernet cabling standards.

Connects Switch S1 to Router R1 Gi0/0/1 interface:

Cable Type: Straight-through UTP Cable

Explanation: A straight-through UTP cable is typically used to connect different types of devices, such as a switch to a router.

Connects Router R2 Gi0/0/0 to Router R3 Gi0/0/0 via underground conduit:

Cable Type: Fiber Optic Cable

Explanation: Fiber optic cables are used for long-distance connections, such as those through an underground conduit between buildings.

Connects Router R1 Gi0/0/0 to Router R2 Gi0/0/1:

Cable Type: Crossover UTP Cable

Explanation: A crossover UTP cable is typically used to connect similar devices directly, such as router to router connections.

Connects Switch S3 to Server0 network interface card:

Cable Type: Straight-through UTP Cable

Explanation: A straight-through UTP cable is typically used to connect a switch to an end device, such as a server.

Straight-through UTP Cable: Used to connect different devices (e.g., switch to router, switch to server).

Crossover UTP Cable: Used to connect similar devices directly (e.g., router to router, switch to switch).

Fiber Optic Cable: Used for long-distance and high-speed connections, often between buildings or data centers.

References:

Network Cable Types and Uses: Cisco Network Cables

Understanding Ethernet Cabling: Ethernet Cable Guide

The two interfaces are administratively shut down:

False: The output does not show any "shutdown" command under the interfaces, which would indicate that they are administratively shut down. Therefore, they are likely in their default state, which is administratively up.

The two interfaces have default IP addresses assigned:

False: The output does not show any IP address configuration. In the default state, interfaces do not have IP addresses assigned unless explicitly configured.

The two interfaces can communicate over Layer 2:

True: By default, interfaces on a switch are Layer 2 interfaces capable of forwarding Ethernet frames. As there is no configuration provided that changes this, it can be assumed they can communicate over Layer 2.

Interface Status: The absence of the "shutdown" command means the interfaces are not administratively shut down.

IP Address Assignment: There is no evidence in the output that IP addresses have been assigned to the interfaces, which would typically be shown as "ip address" entries.

Layer 2 Communication: Switch interfaces in their default state operate at Layer 2, enabling them to forward Ethernet frames and participate in Layer 2 communication.

References:

Cisco IOS Interface Configuration: Cisco Interface Configuration

Understanding Cisco Switch Interfaces: Cisco Switch Interfaces

IPv6 addresses can be compressed by removing leading zeros and replacing consecutive groups of zeros with a double colon (::). Here’s how to compress the address 2001:0db8:0000:0016:0000:001b:2000:0056:

Remove leading zeros from each segment:

2001:db8:0000:0016:0000:001b:2000:0056 becomes 2001:db8:0:16:0:1b:2000:56

Replace the longest sequence of consecutive zeros with a double colon (::). In this case, the two consecutive zeros between the 16 and 1b:

2001:db8:0:16::1b:2000:56

Thus, the most compressed valid format of the IPv6 address is 2001:db8:0:16::1b:2000:56.

References:=

Cisco Learning Network

IPv6 Addressing (Cisco)