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Which situation is likely to be an example of negative reinforcement?

A.

A child puts a coin into a machine and gets a gumball.

B.

An employee submits reports to a nagging boss and boss stops nagging.

C.

An employee submits time sheet to payroll department and gets paid on Friday.

D.

A student has a tantrum and the teacher gives a hug to calm them down.

Observation sessions should be scheduled so that the representativeness of the data can be maximized. Considering behaviors occurring in a school setting, which of the following options is consistent with this recommendation?

A.

Behaviors are given letter-codes that represent the complete topographical definition of the behaviors, e.g., “on-task academic behavior” is represented by “O” on the recording sheet.

B.

Observations should be made only when the behavior is likely to occur most frequently during a day, for instance, during a particular academic class.

C.

Recordings of behavior during the whole school day may be needed initially to assess the representativeness of samples within the day.

D.

Representativeness can be assured by scheduling observations in sessions of 60 minutes or more in the morning and afternoon school schedule.

A behavior analyst is conducting research on the accuracy of a student's responding to written math problems based on the final answer with no scoring of intermediate calculations. Which is the BEST method for obtaining accurate inter-observer agreement results?

A.

Researcher and observer sit together to score the student's work.

B.

Photocopies of the student's work are scored independently by researcher and observer.

C.

The student's scratch paper is scored if researcher and observer do not agree on a response.

D.

Researcher scores the student's work and the observer reviews the researcher's scores for accuracy.

Jamie frequently falls to the floor and screams at school. Preliminary behavioral assessment data indicate that his tantrums are maintained by attention and escape from demand situations. Jamie's behavior analyst wants to examine precisely how attention and escape conditions affect these behaviors. The behavior analyst does not want to conduct the analysis in Jamie's classroom because she would not be able to control for potentially important factors. Relating to this scenario, which statement is TRUE?

A.

Analyses that involve experimental conditions are almost always conducted in the person's natural environment.

B.

The behavior analyst could conduct the analysis in a vacant classroom, but the generality of the findings is an issue to be considered.

C.

The behavior analyst should conduct detailed interviews with the teacher and school staff to determine functional relations.

D.

Only if the analysis is conducted in Jamie's classroom can a reasonable hypothesis be generated.

A punishment contingency is LEAST likely to produce which effect?

A.

Undesirable emotions may result.

B.

Aggressive or violent behavior may be evoked.

C.

A more appropriate replacement behavior may develop.

D.

The person delivering the punisher may become an aversive stimulus.

Larry engages in self-injurious behavior which is maintained by automatic reinforcement. This behavior results in abrasions on both of his arms as a result of intense scratching. The behavior analyst decides to have Larry only wear long sleeved shirts as an initial effort to reduce the behavior. This is an example of which type of procedure?

A.

extinction

B.

deprivation

C.

punishment

D.

differential reinforcement

Trials to criterion refers to a measure of

A.

fluency.

B.

performance.

C.

rate of correct responding.

D.

interobserver agreement.

Scott, a behavior analyst, has been accepted into a doctoral program and will be leaving the in-home treatment program where he has been working. Scott has informed the family about when he will be leaving. What is the MOST important action for Scott to take?

A.

Make copies of his data and case files for his records.

B.

Ask the family whether they would like to continue treatment.

C.

Make arrangements for transfer of services to another qualified behavior analyst.

D.

Assess caregiver's skills in order to determine competence to maintain program integrity.

In the past, Parnelli consistently drove at high speeds on city streets. However, he was pulled over and had to immediately pay a very expensive fine. Afterward, Parnelli very seldom drove at high rates of speed. Which of the following might account for the effect of the lost money resulting from paying the fine?

A.

negative punishment

B.

negative reinforcement

C.

positive punishment

D.

escape conditioning

Which method is the BEST to use when presenting categorical data from a functional analysis?

A.

a bar graph

B.

anecdotal report

C.

scatter plot

D.

standard celeration chart